Company Secretary
Every company must appoint its first statutory auditor within 30 days of incorporation and file Form ADT-1 under the Companies Act, 2013. Learn the process, documents, and filing steps to establish financial governance from day one.
Form INC-20A is the first mandatory filing after incorporation under the Companies Act, 2013. Learn how to file it, documents required, and why your company cannot commence business until this declaration is approved by the MCA.
After incorporation, the first legal step for every company is to open a bank account and deposit its share capital. Learn how this process impacts Form INC-20A filing, director KYC, and post-incorporation compliance under the Companies Act, 2013.
Vesting, exercise, and lock-in are the three pillars of every ESOP. Understand what they mean under Indian law, how taxation applies, and how startups can manage them effectively.
Learn how Indian startups and employees can plan ESOP taxation under the Income Tax Act, 1961 — covering perquisite tax, capital gains, and DPIIT exemptions.
A practical guide to ESOP buybacks under Indian law — how startups can legally execute buybacks, plan liquidity events, and manage taxation and compliance.
Every ESOP in India must comply with Rule 12 of the Companies Act. Learn how startups can legally approve, file, and report ESOPs — from MGT-14 to PAS-3 and valuation.
Startups use ESOPs to retain and motivate key talent — but success depends on smart design. This article explains eligibility, vesting, pricing, and performance linkage under Indian company law.
Early-stage startups often raise funds before valuation through instruments like Convertible Notes, SAFEs, and CCPS. This 2025 guide by Pratham Legal explains how each works under Indian company and FEMA laws, helping founders choose the right structure for investors while staying legally compliant.
ROC Delhi penalized Tejas Cargo India Ltd for availing a commercial loan before filing INC-20A. The case highlights Section 10A compliance requirements under the Companies Act 2013 and offers key lessons on avoiding procedural defaults in post-incorporation stages.
