How Startups Should Legally Structure ESOPs in India
A complete legal guide for Indian startups on how to structure ESOPs — from approvals and valuation to grant, taxation, and compliance under Indian…
Companies Act 2013
Appointment of First Auditor – Form ADT-1 in India (2025 Guide)
Every company must appoint its first statutory auditor within 30 days of incorporation and file Form ADT-1 under the Companies Act, 2013. Learn the…
Filing of Commencement of Business – Form INC-20A in India (2026 Guide)
Form INC-20A is the first mandatory filing after incorporation under the Companies Act, 2013. Learn how to file it, documents required, and why your…
Opening of Bank Account & Capital Infusion After Company Incorporation in India (2026 Guide)
After incorporation, the first legal step for every company is to open a bank account and deposit its share capital. Learn how this process…
Understanding Vesting, Exercise, and Lock-In: The Heart of an ESOP
Vesting, exercise, and lock-in are the three pillars of every ESOP. Understand what they mean under Indian law, how taxation applies, and how startups…
Taxation of ESOPs for Startups in India
Learn how Indian startups and employees can plan ESOP taxation under the Income Tax Act, 1961 — covering perquisite tax, capital gains, and DPIIT…
ESOP Buyback and Exit Planning under the Companies Act
A practical guide to ESOP buybacks under Indian law — how startups can legally execute buybacks, plan liquidity events, and manage taxation and compliance.
ESOP Compliance and Reporting in India
Every ESOP in India must comply with Rule 12 of the Companies Act. Learn how startups can legally approve, file, and report ESOPs —…
How to Design an ESOP Scheme that Works for Startups in India
Startups use ESOPs to retain and motivate key talent — but success depends on smart design. This article explains eligibility, vesting, pricing, and performance…
Startup Funding Instruments in India (2026 Guide): Convertible Notes, SAFEs, and CCPS Explained
Early-stage startups often raise funds before valuation through instruments like Convertible Notes, SAFEs, and CCPS. This 2025 guide by Pratham Legal explains how each…
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